Social and ecological determinants of antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health issue, with social and ecological determinants playing a significant role. A review of 24 studies found that 58.33% reported on ecological determinants, while 29.17% reported on social determinants. Sociodemographic factors like household size, poor knowledge, attitudes, low education, and rural residences were common determinants. The findings could help researchers, policymakers, clinicians, and those in lower-income countries implement AMR prevention programs holistically.